华慧考博-英语阅读理解：文章的行文思路很重要
阅读理解：文章的行文思路很重要
之前的文章中多次讲过做阅读时，文章的行文思路很重要，即通过梳理句子之间的关系段落大意，然后梳理段落之间的逻辑关系把握文章的思路，从而理解文章的主旨。以下华慧考博老师就以一篇全国医学统考英语2017年阅读的第一篇进行分析。
- If you are reading this article, antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times. A rotten tooth, a knee operation, a brush with pneumonia; any number of minor infections that never turned nasty. You may not remember taking the pills, so unremarkable have these one-time wonder drugs become.
抗生素救命→举例说明→抗生素虽神奇且平常
- Modern medicine relies on antibiotics—not just to cure diseases, but to augment the success of surgery, childbirth and cancer treatments. Yet now health authorities are warning, in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms, that the era of antibiotics is about to end. In some ways, bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs. But in the past we’ve always developed new ones that killed them again.
现代医学依赖抗生素→警告：抗生素的时代即将结束→细菌不断进化抗药，但以前总是能有新的抗生素。
- Not this time. Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects. Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25,000 Europeans yearly. And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic.
而现在情况变了→表现：没有很有效的抗生素→造成了严重后果
- Regular readers will know why: New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years. We have misused antibiotics appallingly, handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne, mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper. Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world一not just in medical facilities, but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica.
造成抗生素失效的原因分析：抗生素滥用，具体表现
- How did we reach this point without viable successors to today’s increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics. Over the past 20 years, nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned antibiotics. Companies must make money, and there isn'1 much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly. So researchers have discovered promising candidates, but can’t reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them.
解释为什么没有新的有效的抗生素：经济原因
- This can be fixed. As we report this week, regulatory agencies, worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure. Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold (by adjusting patent rights, say, or offering prizes for innovation) has worked for other drugs, and should work for antibiotics—although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market.
这个经济因素可以被解决：利润和量脱钩
- One day, though, these will fall to resistance too. Ultimately, we need, evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection: treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease, but don’t otherwise inconvenience the little blighters. When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage, drugs will stop breeding resistance.
即使如此，新的抗生素也将会失效→最终需要抗进化的治疗办法，即组织细菌产生疾病但其他方面不受影响→抗进化的机制
- Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment. But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches. That, too, can be fixed. We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need, the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R & D.
已有备选方案，但恐怕会受到阻碍，但这也能被解决。总之，我们一定不能忽略所需药物的可持续发展，像忽略抗生素的更新一样。
- If we do, one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.
如果忽略药物的可持续发展，对于疾病终将束手无策。
通过每个段落的大意梳理文章行文思路，即文章的结构：第1~3自然段提出话题：抗生素作用大，但现状堪忧；第4~5自然段分析原因；第6~7段给出对策；最后第8~9自然段总结呼吁：必须重视药物的可持续发展。
文章主旨：通过抗生素的例子，呼吁一定要重视药物的可持续发展。
好了，对文章有了应有的理解，做起题来就不觉困难了。
1.In the first paragraph, the author is trying to（ ）.
A. warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhere
B. suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistance
C. tell us a time race between humans and bacteria
D. remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics
考查第1段的理解:D
2.The warning from health authorities implies that （ ）.
A. the pre-antibiotic era will return
B. the antibiotic crisis is about to repeat
C. the wonder drugs are a double-edged sword
D. the development of new antibiotics is too slow
考查第2和3段的关联:D
3.The appalling misuse of antibiotics, according to the passage, （ ）.
A. has developed resistant bacteria worldwide
B. has been mainly practiced for health reasons
C. has been seldom reported as a warning in the world
D. has been particularly worsened in the developing countries
考查第4段的理解:A
4.The market failure refers to （ ）.
A. the inability to develop more powerful antibiotics
B. the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the market
C. the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companies
D. the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics
考查第5和6段的关联:A
5.During the presentation of the two solutions, the author carries a tone of（ ）.
A. doubt
B. urgency
C. indifference
D. helplessness
从第6和7段是two solutions ，8和9段中表明了态度:B
总之，文章的行文思路对于做题至关重要，决定着阅读做题拿分的上限。也就是说，如果只会读句子和段落，可以做一些细节题，如第1和3题，但考查主旨态度以及关乎段落关联的题就容易失分了，如第2、4和5题。
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